Rental & Investment Property
Underwrite rental and investment property deals end to end: screen the price-to-rent ratio, run cap rate, layer leverage onto cash-on-cash return, build detailed cash flow, plan the rehab and ARV, and check DSCR for the loan.
Built for landlords, BRRRR and buy-and-hold investors, flippers, and house hackers underwriting rentals before locking up cash, signing a contract, or applying for a DSCR loan.
Start here
Fastest path into this collection
Open the most common starting point, then branch into the supporting calculators below as you narrow the decision.
Rental property analysis
Estimate rental cash flow, NOI, cap rate, and cash-on-cash return from rent, expenses, vacancy, and purchase price.
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Search intent guide
What this finance path helps compare
Use this collection when you are comparing real money decisions, not just looking for a one-off formula. Start with rental property analysis, then move through the supporting calculators to pressure-test payment size, cash needed, breakeven timing, tax exposure, and the next best alternative.
How to use this collection
Move through the decision in order
- 1Use GRM and cap rate first to filter out properties that will not work before spending time on cash flow detail.
- 2Build the rent roll unit by unit so effective gross income, not gross potential, drives NOI and DSCR.
- 3Build cash flow with itemized expenses including vacancy, property management, and capex reserves so the deal stays standing when something breaks.
- 4Compare cash-on-cash return at different down payment levels — the same property looks very different at 20% versus 30% down.
- 5For a flip, back into max offer from ARV and rehab budget before deciding what you can pay, then run the full flip model for projected profit and ROI.
- 6Check DSCR against the lender minimum so the deal can actually be financed before you write an offer.
- 7When selling, pressure-test a 1031 exchange against paying the tax outright to decide if deferral is worth the 45-day / 180-day constraints.
- 8If a property is in distress or has a loss in flight, budget the claim gap, holdback carry, habitability credits, and recovery timeline separately — these are the line items most underwriters miss until they're already eating into reserves.
Why this page exists
Less hunting, more decision support
The finance category is broad. This landing page narrows it to one intent cluster so visitors can move from the first estimate to the next best calculator without bouncing back to search.
Decision checkpoints
Best for rental, flip, DSCR, and property-income underwriting
This path is built for real estate investors who need more than a headline cap rate. It connects rent roll, operating expenses, vacancy, rehab budget, financing, tax exposure, and exit planning.
- Does the property pass an initial screen on rent-to-price, cap rate, and cash-on-cash return?
- Does detailed NOI still support the deal after vacancy, reserves, management, insurance, taxes, and maintenance?
- Can the property meet lender DSCR requirements at the actual rate, leverage, and expense assumptions?
- If the plan includes a rehab, flip, BRRRR, 1031, or insurance claim, what timing and cash gaps could break the deal?
Verify before acting
Income quality
Use actual leases, collections, concessions, delinquency, and renewal risk instead of relying only on pro forma rent.
Expense completeness
Insurance, taxes, repairs, management, utilities, capex reserves, vacancy, and turn costs are usually where weak underwriting hides.
Financing constraints
DSCR, LTV, interest reserves, prepayment penalties, rehab draws, and seasoning rules can change whether the deal is financeable.
Scenario guide
Pick the calculator sequence that matches the decision
Buy-and-hold screen
Start with rent-to-price, cap rate, and GRM, then move into rent roll, NOI, cash-on-cash, and reserves before writing an offer.
BRRRR or flip
Use rehab budget, ARV, holding cost, DSCR, and seller net tools together so profit is not overstated by missing carry or exit costs.
Distressed property
Separate claim gaps, habitability credits, vacancy recovery, and lender workout timing from the normal stabilized underwriting model.
Screen and price the deal
Start with the fast price-to-rent screen, then move into property income performance with cap rate.
Rent-to-Price Ratio Calculator
Apply the 1% and 2% rules. Screen rental properties fast using the ratio of monthly rent to purchase price before running a full analysis.
Gross Rent Multiplier Calculator
Quickly screen rental properties using the gross rent multiplier of price to annual rent and a comparable benchmark.
Rental Yield Calculator
Calculate gross and net rental yield from monthly rent and property price. Compare yield against cap rate and other investments.
Cap Rate Calculator
Estimate cap rate, net operating income, and operating expense ratio from rent, vacancy, and operating expenses.
Cap Rate vs Cash-on-Cash Return Calculator
Compare unlevered cap rate to levered cash-on-cash return on the same property and see whether leverage is positive or negative.
Cash Flow vs Appreciation Calculator
Combine cash flow, appreciation, and loan paydown into a total annual return on equity for a rental.
Equity Multiple Calculator
Calculate total return per dollar invested in a real estate deal across hold-period cash flow and exit proceeds.
Expense Ratio Calculator
Calculate operating expense ratio (OER) and total expense ratio with debt service for a rental property.
Debt Yield Calculator
Calculate debt yield (NOI divided by loan amount) and the max loan a lender will fund at the minimum debt yield.
Gross Scheduled Rent Calculator
Build the top of a multifamily operating statement: GPR, loss to lease, vacancy loss, other income, and effective gross income.
Rental Property Calculator
Estimate rental cash flow, NOI, cap rate, and cash-on-cash return from rent, expenses, vacancy, and purchase price.
ARV Calculator
Estimate after-repair value from comparable sales and calculate the 70% rule max allowable offer for a flip or BRRRR deal.
Build the rent roll and operating cash flow
Build a unit-by-unit rent roll, then layer in itemized expenses, vacancy, and management.
Rent Roll Calculator
Enter unit mix, market rent, and actual rent to see gross potential, effective gross income, physical occupancy, and loss to lease.
Rental Cash Flow Calculator
Build a detailed monthly cash flow with itemized operating expenses, vacancy, management, and the loan payment.
Cash-on-Cash Return Calculator
Estimate cash-on-cash return, annual cash flow, and total cash invested for a leveraged rental property.
Cash Flow per Door Calculator
Calculate monthly cash flow per rental unit and total portfolio cash flow from rent, vacancy, opex, and debt service.
Net Operating Income (NOI) Calculator
Calculate annual NOI for a rental from rent, vacancy, other income, and itemized operating expenses. Includes operating expense ratio.
Occupancy Rate Calculator
Calculate physical occupancy rate from unit-months occupied or from vacancy rate for a single rental or full portfolio.
Vacancy Rate Calculator
Measure physical and economic vacancy, occupancy rate, and lost rent for a rental property or multi-unit portfolio.
Vacancy Loss Calculator
Translate a vacancy rate into annual and monthly dollars lost. Size realistic vacancy assumptions for rental cash flow and DSCR underwriting.
Operating Expense Ratio Calculator
Calculate the OER for a rental property — operating expenses divided by effective gross income — to benchmark operational efficiency.
Break-Even Occupancy Calculator
Find the minimum occupancy rate a rental property needs to cover operating expenses plus debt service — the single best margin-of-safety metric.
Break-Even Rent Calculator
Solve for the minimum monthly rent needed to cover operating expenses and debt service, plus the rent that hits a target cash flow.
Minimum Rent Calculator
Solve for the gross monthly rent needed to hit a target cash-on-cash return on a rental, with vacancy and opex factored in.
Property Management Fee Calculator
See the true all-in cost of a property manager — monthly percentage, leasing, renewal, setup, and maintenance markup fees combined.
Maintenance Reserve Calculator
Set aside a defensible monthly maintenance and capex reserve using the 1% rule, 50% rule, or an itemized budget for a rental property.
Landlord Insurance Calculator
Estimate annual landlord (DP-3 / rental dwelling) insurance premium from property value, coverage, loss-of-rent rider, and deductible.
Landlord Utility Cost Calculator
Estimate annual utility costs for water, sewer, trash, gas, electric, internet, and common areas including vacancy carry.
Tenant Screening Cost Calculator
Budget tenant screening costs across credit, background, eviction, and employment checks. Compare charging applicants vs absorbing the cost.
Tenant Turnover Cost Calculator
Add lost rent, make-ready, and re-leasing costs to see the true cost of a turnover in dollars and months of rent.
Eviction Cost Calculator
Add lost rent, legal fees, court filings, property damage, and turnover to see total out-of-pocket cost from an eviction.
Security Deposit Calculator
Add deposit, last-month rent, pet deposit, and other move-in costs against your state's deposit cap.
Rent Increase Calculator
Compare a planned rent bump to the turnover cost if the tenant moves out, plus check against state/local rent caps.
Rent Per Square Foot Calculator
Calculate rent PSF for a rental and compare to up to three comparable rentals to estimate market rent.
Cash Reserve Calculator
Estimate the cash reserve a landlord or homeowner should hold — months of PITI, operating expenses, and a capex buffer for big-ticket surprises.
Property Tax Calculator
Estimate annual and monthly property tax from market value, assessment ratio, exemptions, and mill rate or percent rate.
Lease Renewal vs Turnover Calculator
Compare 12-month net income from renewing a tenant below market against turning the unit at market rent after vacancy and make-ready costs.
Rent Ready Hold Cost Calculator
Daily cost of holding a rent-ready unit off market — vacancy rent loss plus mortgage, insurance, tax, HOA, utilities, make-ready, and staging.
Tenant Utility Split Calculator
Split shared utility bills four ways — equal per person, per bedroom, per square foot (RUBS), or usage-weighted — with optional landlord admin fee.
Pet Rent vs Pet Deposit Calculator
Compare monthly pet rent against upfront pet deposit plus non-refundable fee over the expected tenancy length with a break-even horizon.
Pet Rent Calculator
Price monthly pet rent per pet using flat market benchmark or percent of base rent, with size and breed multipliers and lease totals.
Pet Deposit vs Fee Calculator
Compare a refundable pet deposit against a non-refundable pet fee — by expected damage, probability, tenancy length, and time value of cash.
Security Deposit Refund Calculator
Itemize lawful deductions — unpaid rent, cleaning, damage, prorated carpet and paint — and calculate the exact refund owed at move-out.
Move-Out Cleaning Cost Calculator
Budget turnover cleaning by sq ft, condition, carpet, appliances, and windows — and split the chargeable share against the security deposit.
Damage Repair Allowance Calculator
Itemize tenant damage repairs — walls, doors, blinds, appliances, fixtures, rekey — with contingency, and check coverage against the security deposit.
Lease Renewal Increase Calculator
Right-size the renewal rent against market, rent-control caps, expense growth, and turnover risk to maximize net expected income.
Rent Collection Loss Calculator
Model annual bad-debt write-offs, late fee revenue, eviction cost, and total economic vacancy from delinquent tenants.
Application Fee Calculator
Right-size tenant application fees against actual screening costs, admin time, and state caps with break-even and annual net margin.
Parking Income Calculator
Size monthly and annual parking revenue, NOI, and valuation at a target cap rate — including EV charger surcharges and occupancy.
Laundry Income Calculator
Model laundry revenue for a multifamily — owner-operated or leased revenue share — with utility cost, equipment cost, NOI, and cap-rate valuation.
Storage Income Calculator
Roll on-site storage units (5x5, 5x10, 10x10), occupancy, and tenant insurance attach into monthly income, NOI, and cap-rate valuation.
Unit Mix Income Calculator
Roll studios, 1-BR, 2-BR, and 3-BR units into gross scheduled rent, effective gross income, NOI, and cap-rate valuation for a multifamily.
Renewal vs Turnover Calculator
Tenant-side comparison of renewing at the proposed rent versus moving to market — full cost of rent, deposit, fees, movers, and lost wages.
Screening Cost Per Applicant Calculator
True per-applicant screening cost — reports, software, admin time — with FCRA reasonableness ratio versus charged fee.
Renter Insurance Requirement Calculator
Size renters insurance — personal property, liability, loss-of-use — and estimate annual premium adjusted for ZIP risk and deductible.
Late Rent Notice Fee Calculator
Per-notice cost of serving a pay-or-quit — certified mail, admin time, process server, attorney review — with break-even chargeback.
Rent Roll Vacancy Gap Calculator
Break market-potential to collected rent into six leakages — loss-to-lease, vacancy, downtime, concession, bad debt, non-revenue — for economic occupancy.
Pet Screening Fee Calculator
Landlord-side pet screening workflow cost — vendor fees, vaccine verification, breed checks, and ESA/service-animal documentation review time.
Parking Fee Income Calculator
Annual ancillary parking fee revenue — signup fees, transfers, lost-sticker replacements, and guest pass books — on top of per-stall rent.
Resident Benefit Package Calculator
Model RBP revenue, service cost, chargeback loss, and annual net profit for a bundled tenant benefits program across a single-family or multifamily portfolio.
Tenant Onboarding Cost Calculator
Per-tenant onboarding cost — lease prep, welcome call, move-in inspection, utility setup, keys, rekey, welcome packet — with annual portfolio burden.
Move-In Inspection Cost Calculator
Cost of a legally defensible move-in inspection — on-site labor, photo processing, software, rekey, batteries, and mileage — per unit turned.
Plan rehab, flip, and exit
Size a defensible rehab budget for a flip or BRRRR, then run the full flip math or use ARV and the seller net sheet to plan the exit.
Rehab Budget Calculator
Build a line-item renovation budget by trade, add a contingency, and include holding costs for a flip or BRRRR project.
Rent-Ready Budget Calculator
Build a make-ready budget for prepping a rental between tenants — paint, deep clean, small repairs, lock change, marketing.
Rehab Contingency Calculator
Size the rehab contingency budget for a flip or BRRRR project based on scope risk and known unknowns.
ARV Calculator
Estimate after-repair value from comparable sales and calculate the 70% rule max allowable offer for a flip or BRRRR deal.
After-Repair Value per Square Foot Calculator
Build ARV using PSF-based comp averages with low/mid/high estimates and a dollar adjustment for condition or amenities.
House Flipping Profit Calculator
Model flip profit, cash-on-cash return, holding costs, and the 70% rule max offer for a fix-and-flip deal.
Profit per Deal Calculator
Calculate net flip profit, margin, and ROI on cash from ARV minus purchase, rehab, holding, closing, and commission.
Flip Holding Cost Calculator
Calculate monthly and total carry during a flip — interest, taxes, vacant insurance, utilities, HOA, and other costs.
Price Per Square Foot Calculator
Compute price per square foot and compare to comparable sales for a real estate market value check.
Seller Net Sheet Calculator
Estimate net proceeds from a home sale after agent commission, closing costs, concessions, credits, and mortgage payoff.
Property Selling Cost Calculator
Add commission, transfer tax, title, staging, repairs, prorations, and loan payoff to compute net to seller.
Home Sale Tax Calculator
Estimate capital gains tax on a home sale including the Section 121 $250k/$500k primary residence exclusion.
Closing Cost Calculator
Estimate lender fees, title charges, prepaids, escrow funding, and total cash to close on a home purchase.
Pressure-test the loan and the financing structure
Check whether the property income clears DSCR underwriting and whether tapping equity from another property funds the deal.
DSCR Calculator
Estimate debt service coverage ratio for a rental property loan from NOI, loan amount, rate, and term.
DSCR Loan Calculator
Reverse the DSCR formula to size the maximum loan a rental property can support based on net rental income, lender DSCR floor, rate, and term.
Hard Money Loan Calculator
Size a hard money fix-and-flip loan from ARV, rehab, and lender LTV. See cash to close, monthly interest carry, points, and the true annualized cost.
Rehab Loan Calculator
Size a renovation loan that funds purchase plus rehab. Apply LTV-on-purchase and LTV-cap-on-ARV ceilings to see loan amount, cash required, and rehab carry.
Loan-to-Cost Calculator
Calculate LTC for a construction or rehab project — loan amount divided by total project cost (purchase + rehab + soft costs) — vs the lender ceiling.
Loan-to-Value Calculator
Calculate LTV and combined LTV across all liens, see equity, and check borrowing headroom against the lender CLTV ceiling.
HELOC Calculator
Estimate available line size, interest-only draw payment, and the amortizing repayment payment on a home equity line of credit.
Cash-Out Refinance Calculator
Estimate cash available, new loan size, payment, and remaining equity from a cash-out refinance scenario.
Home Equity Loan Calculator
Estimate the monthly payment, total interest, and total repayment cost for a fixed-rate home equity loan.
Plan the tax-deferred swap on exit
If selling a rental and buying another, depreciation recapture and capital gains are the biggest tax exposures — a 1031 can defer both.
Real Estate Depreciation Calculator
Compute annual rental property depreciation, first-year mid-month deduction, tax shield, and recapture exposure at sale.
Depreciation Schedule Calculator
Build a year-by-year straight-line MACRS depreciation schedule for residential or commercial real estate.
Depreciation Recapture Tax Calculator
Estimate Section 1250 recapture (up to 25%) plus capital gains and state tax on a rental property sale.
Bonus Depreciation Calculator
Calculate first-year bonus deduction, year-one total deduction, and tax savings on qualifying business property.
Cost Segregation Calculator
Estimate the year-one tax savings from breaking out 5-year and 15-year property and applying bonus depreciation.
Cost Basis Calculator
Calculate adjusted cost basis from purchase price, closing costs, capital improvements, depreciation, and casualty losses.
Capital Gains Tax Calculator
Estimate federal, state, and NIIT capital gains tax on stocks, crypto, real estate, or other investments.
1031 Exchange Calculator
Estimate deferred capital gains, depreciation recapture, boot, and the minimum reinvestment to fully defer tax on a like-kind exchange.
Seller Net Sheet Calculator
Estimate net proceeds from a home sale after agent commission, closing costs, concessions, credits, and mortgage payoff.
Real Estate Commission Calculator
Split total real estate commission between listing and buyer sides, then model the agent's net take-home after brokerage split, referral, and desk fees.
Property Appreciation Calculator
Project the future value of a home or investment property using annual appreciation, holding period, and equity growth from amortization.
Cap Rate Calculator
Estimate cap rate, net operating income, and operating expense ratio from rent, vacancy, and operating expenses.
DSCR Calculator
Estimate debt service coverage ratio for a rental property loan from NOI, loan amount, rate, and term.
Creative acquisition and hold structures
Not every rental closes with a conventional 30-year note — seller carry and lease options let you reach deals traditional lenders won't.
Seller Carry Calculator
Structure an owner-financed real estate note with down payment, amortization, balloon, and interest-only or amortized payments.
Lease Option Calculator
Model a rent-to-own lease option: down payment equivalent from option fee and rent credits, rent premium paid, and break-even appreciation.
Bridge Loan Calculator
Size a bridge loan against current-home equity and model interest-only, accrued, or amortized payments with a balloon payoff at sale.
DSCR Calculator
Estimate debt service coverage ratio for a rental property loan from NOI, loan amount, rate, and term.
Handle tenant disputes, habitability, and code violations
When rent is being abated, habitability is in question, or a code violation is stacking fines, size the credit, cure cost, and relocation outlay before the situation escalates.
Tenant Rent Relief Calculator
Rent relief credit when property condition or service failures shortchange tenants.
Habitability Rent Reduction Calculator
Rent reduction owed during habitability failures — severity-weighted across uninhabitable days.
Habitability Penalty Calculator
Penalty exposure when landlord fails habitability standards.
Rent Credit Settlement Calculator
Negotiated rent credit settlement between landlord and tenant covering prior disputed months.
Temporary Relocation Cost Calculator
Cost to temporarily relocate tenants during major repairs, restoration, or habitability cures.
Code Violation Abatement Cost Calculator
Total cost to abate code violations — cure plus permits, engineering, re-inspection, and hold.
Code Enforcement Fine Calculator
Cumulative code enforcement fines across unresolved violations.
Relocation Assistance Calculator
Size statutory relocation assistance — LL obligation when displacing tenants from renovation or condo conversion.
Relocation Cost Gap Calculator
Gap between relocation assistance offered and actual tenant moving cost.
Eviction Timeline Cost Calculator
Size eviction timeline cost from notice through re-lease — days, lost rent, legal, sheriff fees.
Damage Claim Settlement Calculator
Size damage claim against tenant — repair costs, lost rent during repair, and security deposit offset.
Settlement vs Judgment Calculator
Settlement economics vs litigating to judgment — cost, time, collectibility.
Close insurance claim gaps after a loss
After a casualty, carriers pay less than the full rebuild. Size deductibles, depreciation holdback, escalation, and code-upgrade gaps so the restoration budget matches reality, not the first check.
Insurance Restoration Gap Calculator
Gap between insurance recovery and actual restoration cost — depreciation, code upgrades, betterment.
Claim Holdback Gap Calculator
Cash-flow gap from carrier holdbacks on restoration claims — depreciation released only on completion.
Repair Escalation Gap Calculator
Cost escalation gap between claim estimate and actual rebuild due to material and labor inflation.
Insurance Claim Gap Calculator
Gap between claim amount and insurance recovery — deductible, depreciation, exclusions.
Claim Recovery Gap Calculator
Size claim recovery gap — difference between loss amount and actual insurance recovery.
Claim Reimbursement Lag Calculator
Cash-flow lag between incurring claim expense and insurance reimbursement.
Coinsurance Shortfall Calculator
Coinsurance penalty when property insured below required percentage.
Deductible Absorption Calculator
Annual cost of absorbing deductibles across expected claims.
Premium Audit Adjustment Calculator
Annual premium audit adjustment — true-up to actual exposures.
Insurance Premium Finance Calculator
Size insurance premium finance loan — monthly payments and total cost vs pay-in-full.
Inspection Repair Reserve Calculator
Reserve to cover inspection-driven repairs post-acquisition.
Run the recovery timeline and resolve distress
Size the months and carry to bring a damaged or distressed asset back to stabilized NOI, then compare the cost of a structured workout against foreclosure or forced sale.
Property Recovery Timeline Calculator
Expected timeline and carry cost to bring a damaged or distressed property back to stabilized operations.
Distress Resolution Cost Calculator
Total cost to resolve distressed property — legal, broker, carry, and value haircut.
Stabilization Timeline Calculator
Project months to stabilized occupancy from current lease-up rate and target occupancy.
Substantial Completion Timeline Calculator
Project substantial completion date from start date, original duration, and delays.
Certificate of Occupancy Delay Cost Calculator
Cost of certificate of occupancy delay — carry plus lost revenue.
Forbearance Recovery Calculator
Expected recovery from forbearance — missed payments paid back plus redefault risk.
Short Sale Net Recovery Calculator
Lender net recovery from short sale — sale price minus approved discount and costs.
Vacancy Permit Hold Cost Calculator
Cost of vacancy permit requirements on empty commercial properties.
Rent Roll Vacancy Gap Calculator
Break market-potential to collected rent into six leakages — loss-to-lease, vacancy, downtime, concession, bad debt, non-revenue — for economic occupancy.
Break-even Occupancy Stress Test Calculator
Stress-test break-even occupancy at higher rates and lower rents — how thin is your cushion?
Why visitors use the rental & investment property collection
These pages are designed to turn broad finance browsing into a tighter sequence of next actions.
Intent-specific path
Each collection groups calculators around one real decision instead of sending visitors through the full finance library first.
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The page leads with a primary entry point, then stages supporting tools in the order people usually need them.
High-intent internal linking
Every collection routes back into the finance hub and across adjacent money decisions to keep visitors moving.
Explore adjacent money decisions
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